Composto de PA12 contendo resíduos de polietileno reticulado (XLPE): propriedades e avaliação de resíduos de ionômeros na sua compatibilização em relação a um agente compatibilizante comercial
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Dissertação
Data
2022
Autores
Moraes, W. G. B.
Orientador
Bonse, B. C.
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MORAES, W. G. B. Composto de PA12 contendo resíduos de polietileno reticulado (XLPE): propriedades e avaliação de resíduos de ionômeros na sua compatibilização em relação a um agente compatibilizante comercial. 2022. 172 p. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Mecânica) - Centro Universitário FEI, São Bernardo do Campo, 2022. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.31414/EM.2022.D.131530.
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Palavras-chave
Poliamida,Compatibilização,Ionômeros
Resumo
O polietileno reticulado (XLPE) é utilizado principalmente como revestimento e isolante de fios e cabos elétricos. Por conta das ligações cruzadas neste material, a reciclagem por fusão se torna inviável e resíduos deste são incinerados ou encaminhados a aterros. Trabalhos anteriores concluíram que a adição de XLPE em PE e PP, termoplásticos commodities, aumentaram a sua resistência ao impacto. Estudou-se então a incorporação do XLPE em um termoplástico de engenharia, a poliamida 12, utilizando-se um agente compatibilizante comercial, polietileno enxertado com anidrido maleico (PE-g-MA), e resíduos de dois ionômeros como candidatos a agente compatibilizante: Surlyn® e Sentryglas®. Para isto, desenvolveram-se formulações com 20% em massa de XLPE e 0, 2, 4 e 8% em massa de cada compatibilizante. As formulações foram obtidas em extrusora dupla rosca corrotacional com a injeção posterior de corpos de prova, os quais foram submetidos a testes de tração, impacto, flexão e temperatura de deflexão térmica (HDT). Foram realizados também ensaios para determinação do tamanho das partículas do XLPE, calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), análise termogravimétrica (TGA), difração de raios X (DRX), índice de fluidez e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Os resultados de DSC mostraram que a adição do XLPE e dos agentes compatibilizantes reduziu o grau de cristalinidade da PA12. As análises morfológicas evidenciaram adesão pobre entre PA12 e XLPE. As micrografias das formulações com PE-g-MA mostraram melhora na adesão da matriz e a fase dispersa, o que não foi observado com a adição dos ionômeros. Os ensaios mecânicos corroboraram o observado nas imagens geradas por MEV, ou seja, a falta de adesão faz com que a adição do XLPE reduza fortemente as propriedades mecânicas, com exceção da resistência ao impacto, que aumentou 120% comparada à formulação sem XLPE. A adição do PE-g-MA resultou em certa recuperação de algumas propriedades como resistência à tração, alongamento na ruptura e um aumento adicional de 8% em comparação à formulação sem compatibilizante. A adição dos ionômeros causou redução na maioria das propriedades em comparação com o composto sem compatibilização
Cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) is primarily used as a coating and insulator for electrical wires and cables. Due to the cross-links in this material, recycling through remelting is unfeasible, and waste from this material is usually incinerated or sent to landfills. Previous investigations have shown that adding XLPE to PE and PP, commodity thermoplastics, increased their impact strength. Hence, the incorporation of XLPE in an engineering thermoplastic, polyamide 12, was studied using a commercial compatibilizer, maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (PE-g-MA), as well as residues of two ionomers as potential compatibilizer: Surlyn® and Sentryglas ®. Therefore, formulations have been prepared to contain 20 wt% XLPE with 0, 2, 4, and 8 wt% of each compatibilizer. These formulations have been obtained using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder. Subsequently, test specimens were injection molded and subjected to tensile, impact, bending, and heat distortion temperature (HDT) tests. In addition, particle size analysis of the micronized XLPE was carried out, as well as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X ray diffraction (XRD), melt flow testing, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. DSC results showed that the addition of both XLPE and the compatibilizers reduced PA12 crystallinity. Morphological analyses revealed poor adhesion between polyamide 12 and XLPE. The micrographs of the formulations with PE-g-MA showed improvement in the adhesion of the polymer matrix and the dispersed phase. The same effect was not observed when the ionomers were added as compatibilizers. The mechanical tests corroborated observations in SEM analysis, that is, the lack of adhesion when XLPE is added strongly reduces the mechanical properties, except for impact strength, which increased by 120% compared to the formulation without XLPE. When adding PE-g-MA as a compatibilizer, some recovery in properties was achieved, such as in tensile strength, elongation at break, and an additional 8% increase in impact strength. The addition of ionomers caused a reduction in most properties in relation to the compound without compatibilizer
Cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) is primarily used as a coating and insulator for electrical wires and cables. Due to the cross-links in this material, recycling through remelting is unfeasible, and waste from this material is usually incinerated or sent to landfills. Previous investigations have shown that adding XLPE to PE and PP, commodity thermoplastics, increased their impact strength. Hence, the incorporation of XLPE in an engineering thermoplastic, polyamide 12, was studied using a commercial compatibilizer, maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (PE-g-MA), as well as residues of two ionomers as potential compatibilizer: Surlyn® and Sentryglas ®. Therefore, formulations have been prepared to contain 20 wt% XLPE with 0, 2, 4, and 8 wt% of each compatibilizer. These formulations have been obtained using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder. Subsequently, test specimens were injection molded and subjected to tensile, impact, bending, and heat distortion temperature (HDT) tests. In addition, particle size analysis of the micronized XLPE was carried out, as well as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X ray diffraction (XRD), melt flow testing, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. DSC results showed that the addition of both XLPE and the compatibilizers reduced PA12 crystallinity. Morphological analyses revealed poor adhesion between polyamide 12 and XLPE. The micrographs of the formulations with PE-g-MA showed improvement in the adhesion of the polymer matrix and the dispersed phase. The same effect was not observed when the ionomers were added as compatibilizers. The mechanical tests corroborated observations in SEM analysis, that is, the lack of adhesion when XLPE is added strongly reduces the mechanical properties, except for impact strength, which increased by 120% compared to the formulation without XLPE. When adding PE-g-MA as a compatibilizer, some recovery in properties was achieved, such as in tensile strength, elongation at break, and an additional 8% increase in impact strength. The addition of ionomers caused a reduction in most properties in relation to the compound without compatibilizer