Engenharia de Materiais
URI permanente desta comunidadehttps://repositorio.fei.edu.br/handle/FEI/17
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25 resultados
Resultados da Pesquisa
- Mean strain influence in low cycle fatigue behavior of AA7175-T1 aluminum alloy(2007) Salerno G.; Magnabosco R.; Moura Neto C.d.This work evaluates the mean strain influence on total number of cycles to fatigue failure of AA7175-T1 aluminum alloy, based on empirical relationships developed by SWT, Morrow and Walker, that were used to adjust the experimental data and predict the fatigue-life behavior at different mean strain values applied during cyclic loading. It is found that Walker or SWT relationships can be used to determine the number of cycles for failure of the AA 7175-T1 aluminum alloy. The easiest determination of SWT relationship (which uses parameters found in fatigue tests at zero mean stress and strain) probably will make this relationship the first choice to characterize the fatigue behavior under non-zero mean strain. However, Walker empirical relationship uses different parameters to predict fatigue-life behavior, and this may lead to a better fit of experimental data of different metallic materials. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
- Kinetic Study to Predict Sigma Phase Formation in Duplex Stainless Steels(2016) dos Santos D.C.; Magnabosco R.© 2016, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International.This work presents an improved kinetic study of sigma phase formation during isothermal aging between 973 K and 1223 K (700 °C and 950 °C), based on Kolmogorov-Johnson-Mehl-Avrami (K-J-M-A) model, established from volume fraction of sigma phase determined in backscattered electron images over polished surfaces of aged samples. The kinetic study shows a change in the main mechanism of sigma formation between 973 K and 1173 K (700 °C and 900 °C), from a nucleation-governed stage to a diffusion-controlled growth-coarsening stage, confirmed by a double inclination in K-J-M-A plots and microstructural observations. A single inclination in K-J-M-A plots was observed for the 1223 K (950 °C) aging temperature, showing that kinetic behavior in this temperature is only related to diffusion-controlled growth of sigma phase. The estimated activation energies for the nucleation of sigma phase are close to the molybdenum diffusion in ferrite, probably the controlling mechanism of sigma phase nucleation. The proposed time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagram shows a “double c curve” configuration, probably associated to the presence of chi-phase formed between 973 K and 1073 K (700 °C and 800 °C), which acts as heterogeneous nuclei for sigma phase formation in low aging temperatures.
- Influence of the Heterogeneous Nucleation Sites on the Kinetics of Intermetallic Phase Formation in Aged Duplex Stainless Steel(2017) Melo E.A.; Magnabosco R.© 2017, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International.The aim of this work is to study the influence of the heterogeneous nucleation site quantity, observed in different ferrite and austenite grain size samples, on the phase transformations that result in intermetallic phases in a UNS S31803 duplex stainless steel (DSS). Solution treatment was conducted for 1, 24, 96, or 192 hours at 1373 K (1100 °C) to obtain different ferrite and austenite grain sizes. After solution treatment, isothermal aging treatments for 5, 8, 10, 20, 30, or 60 minutes at 1123 K (850 °C) were performed to verify the influence of different amounts of heterogeneous nucleation sites in the kinetics of intermetallic phase formation. The sample solution treated for 1 hour, with the highest surface area between matrix phases, was the one that presented, after 60 minutes at 1123 K (850 °C), the smaller volume fraction of ferrite (indicative of greater intermetallic phase formation), higher volume of sigma (that was present in coral-like and compact morphologies), and chi phase. It was not possible to identify which was the first nucleated phase, sigma or chi. It was also observed that the phase formation kinetics is higher for the sample solution treated for 1 hour. It was evidenced that, from a certain moment on, the chi phase begins to be consumed due to the sigma phase formation, and the austenite/ferrite interface presents higher SV for all solution treatment times. It was also observed that intermetallic phases form preferably in austenite-ferrite interfaces, although the higher occupation rate occurs at triple junction ferrite-ferrite-ferrite. It was verified that there was no saturation of nucleation sites in any interface type nor triple junction, and the equilibrium after 1 hour of aging at 1123 K (850 °C) was not achieved. It was then concluded that sigma phase formation is possibly controlled by diffusional processes, without saturation of nucleation sites.
- Low temperature active screen plasma nitriding of 17–4 PH stainless steel(2016) Pinedo C.E.; Larrotta S.I.V.; Nishikawa A.S.; Dong H.; Li X.-Y.; Magnabosco R.; Tschiptschin A.P.© 2016 Elsevier B.V.In the present work, low temperature active screen plasma nitriding of a 17–4 PH precipitation-hardening stainless steel was investigated. The active screen technique has been used to avoid undesirable plasma concentration, edge effects and arching during D/C plasma nitriding. Solution treated (S) and Solution treated and aged (S + A) 17–4 PH stainless steel samples were Active Screen Plasma Nitrided (ASPN) for 20 h at low temperature (400 °C), in order to avoid undesirable precipitation of chromium nitrides. Formation of these nitrides impairs corrosion resistance of the stainless steel because they act as Cr sinks, reducing the overall amount of Cr available in the matrix. The main objective of this work was to characterize the effect of the starting conditions on the microstructure of the nitrided layers. Besides, the chemical gradients and hardness evolution during low-temperature, long term active screen plasma nitriding were also studied. A homogeneous nitrided layer was obtained along the entire surface after the nitriding process. Hardness measurements along the nitrided surface showed virtually constant hardness values, indicating that ASPN was effective to avoid edge effects. Moreover, the nitrided layer could not be etched by Villela reagent, suggesting that the corrosion resistance was not impaired. Nitrogen supersaturation after plasma nitriding was indicated for both starting conditions (S) and (S + A) by X-ray diffraction patterns, as the expanded martensite peaks were broadened and shifted to lower 2θ angles compared to the martensite peaks of the substrate. The nitrided layer of the (S + A) specimen was thicker (9.2 μm) than the nitrided layer of the (S) specimen (5.7 μm). Also, the maximum nitrogen content (measured by WDX) of the (S + A) specimen (3.7%) was greater than the maximum nitrogen content measured on the simply solution treated (S) specimen (1.9%). The difference in nitrogen pick-up was related to greater hardness values for the (S + A) specimens (max. Hardness 1130 HV0.01) in comparison with the (S) condition (max. hardness 950 HV0.01). The latter results were discussed in terms of the effect of Cu in the activity of Fe-N solid solutions. Thermo-Calc® simulations showed that when copper is in solid solution, it increases the nitrogen activity in iron-nitrogen alloys, decreasing the maximum nitrogen solubility in the steel. On the other hand, when copper is precipitated as nanoparticles in the matrix — as in the (S + A) condition — nitrogen activity decreases, implying a greater solubility of nitrogen. The substrate hardness after aging was not changed by the 400 °C/20 h nitriding treatment, indicating that the surface treatment can be carried out without affecting the bulk properties.
- Relation between pitting potential, degree of sensitization, and reversed austenite in a supermartensitic stainless steel(2017) Calderon-Hernandez J.W.; Hincapie-Ladino D.; Filho E.B.M.; Magnabosco R.; Alonso-Falleiros N.© 2017, NACE InternationalPitting potential (Ep) and degree of sensitization (DOS) of a supermartensitic stainless steel (SMSS) were determined on specimens heat-treated at different tempering temperatures (550°C, 575°C, 600°C, 625°C, 650°C, or 700°C). The effect of pH (pH 6 and pH 8) on the Ep obtained in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution, as well as the correlation between Ep and DOS obtained in 0.5 M H2SO4 + 0.01 M KSCN solution, was studied. The results showed correlation between Ep and DOS values, the samples with the higher DOS values being the ones with the lower Ep. A mechanism was proposed that would explain the correlation of the presence of reversed austenite formed during tempering, Ep, and DOS.
- Use of composition profiles near sigma phase for assessment of localized corrosion resistance in a duplex stainless steel(2019) Magnabosco R.; da Costa Morais L.; dos Santos D.C.© 2018 Elsevier LtdPitting corrosion potential of a UNS S31803 duplex stainless steel (DSS) heat treated between 750 °C and 850 °C at different aging times was related to the extent of the Cr- and Mo-depleted areas at sigma-ferrite and sigma-austenite interfaces, estimated using DICTRA® simulations. It is possible to describe the sigma formation kinetics using a model that assumes a spherical region of austenite, with radius equivalent to the mean intercept of austenite islands, surrounded by ferrite. Composition profiles at sigma-ferrite and sigma-austenite interfaces were calculated, allowing the evaluation of the degree of depletion in Cr and Mo at sigma interfaces. There is a reduction of pitting potential with increase of the degree of depletion, characterized as the weighted sum of depleted areas in Cr and Mo composition profiles, making possible the assessment of the localized corrosion resistance of aged DSS through simulation of sigma phase formation.
- Effect of Niobium on Phase Transformations, Mechanical Properties and Corrosion of Supermartensitic Stainless Steel(2017) de Oliveira M.P.; Calderon-Hernandez J.W.; Magnabosco R.; Hincapie-Ladino D.; Alonso-Falleiros N.© 2017, ASM International.The influence of niobium addition in a supermartensitic stainless steel with 13Cr-5Ni-2Mo has been studied. The steel with Nb tempered at 600 °C for 2 h showed improved mechanical resistance properties and lower degree of sensitization, without compromising elongation and pitting corrosion resistance, when compared to the reference steel. In order to understand the Nb effect in such steel, mainly regarding phase transformation, different tempering time intervals have been studied. The better performance of the SM2MoNb is attributed to the hindering effect that Nb has in the kinetics of the phase transformations during tempering, delaying the precipitation start and coarsening stages of the present phases.
- Evaluation of microstructural effects on the degree of sensitization (DOS) of a UNS S31803 duplex stainless steel aged at 475°C(2015) De Melo E.B.; Magnabosco R.© 2015, NACE International.In this study, microstructural and electrochemical behavior of a UNS S31803 duplex stainless steel aged at 475°C were investigated. Hardness values increased with aging at 475°C and evidence of alpha prime (α′) phase formation was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy analysis. Double loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation measurements in a 2 M H2SO4 + 0.5 M NaCl + 0.01 M KSCN solution showed an increase in the degree of sensitization values, mainly for the sample aged for 360 h at 475°C. Moreover, the results suggest that α′ phase formation occurred via spinodal decomposition mechanism.
- Effect of sulfate on the pitting potential of austenitic stainless steels 18Cr8Ni and 17Cr6Mn5Ni in chloride media(2019) Calderon-Hernandez J.W.; Hincapie-Ladino D.; Magnabosco R.; Alonso-Falleiros N.© 2019, Escola de Minas. All rights reserved.Pitting corrosion resistance of two austenitic stainless steels, 18Cr8Ni (Type 304L or UNS S30403 stainless steel) and 17Cr6Mn5Ni, was evaluated in three electrolytic solutions containing a fixed concentration of 0.6M sodium chloride and different additions of sodium sulfate, 0.06M, 0.15M or 0.6M. Cyclic potentiodynamic polarization tests were performed on as-received samples and on specimens annealed at 1010°C, 1040°C, 1070°C or 1100°C. The best pitting corrosion resistance was presented by the 17Cr6Mn5Ni steel annealed at 1070°C or 1100°C, with lower delta ferrite contents, in the electrolyte with the highest sulfate concentration. It can be found that the addition of sodium sulfate inhibits pitting corrosion and has a better inhibitor effect in the high manganese steel.
- Experimental investigations and DICTRA® simulation of sigma phase formation in a duplex stainless steel(2017) Morais L.D.C.; Magnabosco R.© 2017 Elsevier LtdSigma phase formation in an UNS S31803 duplex stainless steel aged at 940 °C was evaluated by computational simulation in DICTRA® software, using MOB2 diffusion database and TCFE8 thermodynamic database. Simulation results were compared to experimental tests. Two models were tested in DICTRA® software: in model 1 sigma phase are placed between ferrite and austenite, and in model 2 sigma is placed at one side of ferrite region, and austenite on the other. The volume fraction of sigma and ferrite phases obtained in model 1 showed adherence to the experimental results up to 7200 s (2 h) of simulation, indicating the ability of the model in the description of early stages of sigma formation. Model 2 showed good agreement with experimental data up to 86,400 s (24 h) of simulation. The composition profile obtained by the simulation of the model 1 represented better the impoverishment in Cr and Mo in ferrite/sigma and austenite/sigma interfaces, while the profiles obtained by the simulation of model 2 described better the partition of the chemical elements between austenite and ferrite during sigma formation.
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